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R E P H T 



DAY FOR C E I. E B K A T J N G 



LANDING OF THE PILCIRIMS, 



PLYMOUTH, 



1620. 



REPORT 



EXPEDIENCY OF CELEBRATING IN FUTURE 



LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS, 



TWENTYFIRST DAY OF DECEMBER, 



INSTEAD OF THE 



TWENTY SECOND DAY OP THAT MONTH 



A COMMITTEE OF THE PILGRIM SOCIETY. 




BOSTON: A 

PRINTED BY VOTE OF THE SOCIETY 
Tuttle ife Dennett, Printers, 21 School Street. 

1850. 



EXTRACT FROM THE RECORDS OF THE PILGRIM SOCIETY, 
PLYMOUTH, MASS. 

Saturday, December 15th, 1849. 
Voted, That a Committee be appointed, consisting of James Savage, 
Charles H. Warren, Nathaniel B. ShurtlelT, of Boston, and Timothy Gor- 
don and Abraham Jackson, of Plymouth, to consider the expediency of 
celebrating in future the Landing of the Pilgrims, on the twentyfirst day of 
December, instead of the twentysecond, and that said Committee report at 
the next regular meeting, on the last Monday of May next. 

Monday, May 27lh, 1850. 
At this meeting, the Committee appointed in December last, to consider 
the expediency of altering the day of celebrating, the Lauding of the Pil- 
grims, presented a full and able Report on the subject, which, after a 
general discussion of the same, was unanimously accepted, and ordered 
to be printed. 

Voted, That this Society will hereafter regard the tu'eittyfirst day of De- 
cember, as the true anniversary of the Landing of the Pilgrims. 
A true copy from the Records of the Pilgrim Society. 

William S. Russell, Recording Secretary. 



fi,'. 



f^' /-/;/^/ 



REPORT. 



The Committee of the Pilgrim Society, appointed, at the 
meeting in December last, " to consider the expediency of 
celebrating in future the Landing of the Pilgrims, on the 
twenlyfirst day of December, instead of the twentysecond," 
having duly considered the subject, submit the following as 
their Report : — 

That the happy Monday, on which our fathers came, for 
the first time, on shore at Plymouth from the shallop, wherein 
they had " circulated the Bay" between Cape Cod and this 
harbor, and, having on Friday preceding got to anchor under 
the lee of Clark's Island, had there quietly spent the Sunday, 
after return of thanks to God on Saturday for deliverance in 
their great peril from breakmg the rudder and the mast, and 
losing the sail — this Monday when they "marched into the 
land, saw the corn fields, and running brooks, judged the 
place fit for habitation, and returned to the ship," as Brad- 
ford, who Avas of the exploring party, assures us, " with the 
discovery to their great comfort," is the very day that all of 
us desire to honor as the birth day of Christian freedom and 
true civihzation in New England. 

Reverence for progenitors, as Avell as self-respect, forbids 



us to permit any mixture of fiction with the great truths of 
their story. By any such artifice it can never be brightened ; 
as it will not be darkened, we are confident, either by disrepu- 
table facts or evil surmises. When paying our ancestors the 
debt of gratitude, we should rather exclude, than encourage, 
such doubtful traditions, as tho ignorant are wont to heap on 
important events. Who first landed on the rock ? was once 
an idle inquiry, thought to be met by the claims of Mary 
Chilton, till an equal competitor was found in John Alden ; — 
as if each pretence were not childish ; — as if we did not know, 
that Alden was not one of the twelve that first came in the 
shallop, that no Avoman was within many miles of this spot 
for several days, and that Mary Chilton, especially, was occu- 
pied in attendance on her dying father, who lived but two 
days after the little expedition left Cape Cod harbor. Every 
incident of the doing and suffering of our fathers near that 
time should be fresh in our memories, as if it had occurred 
last week ; and to preserve exactness of date, most agreeable 
is the coincidence of this happy landing Avith the recurrence, 
almost to an hour precisely, of the Winter solstice. 

That memorable Monday was 21st December, according to 
the Almanacs then used by the larger part of the Christian 
world, to which the residue of us, except adherents to the 
Greek platform of the church, have since conformed ; but in 
the Almanac of our fathers, or old style, that day Avas the 
11th December, 1620. HoAvever there can be no doubt about 
an identical day, let nominal dales be ever so diverse, because 
the Aveek days Avill be the same, Avhether old or new style be 
employed. Truth spread sloAvly in this direction. Since 
the church of Rome reformed the Calendar, on advice of the 
ablest mathematicians of Europe, forty years had not run to 



the coming of the Pilgrims ; and the prejudice, not the wis- 
dom, of our King, Lords and Commons in Parliament assem- 
bled, continued to reject the improvement one hundred and 
thirty years longer. Yet it was not ignorance, but more 
blame- worthy cause, that made the numbering of days in 
the month so different, between England and other nations. 
The practise of inoculation for the small pox we borrowed 
from the Turks, many years before our repugnance to the 
Cathohc church would receive from its supporters needful 
correction of an arithmetical falsehood in our Almanac. 

A simple illustration may be agreeable to those who have 
not either leisure to follow a brief demonstration, or memory 
to preserve naked numbers. Capt. Allerlon, when he went 
home to England in the Autumn of 1626, Ave may suppose, 
crossed the channel in December, to meet the Huguenot 
brethren in France. This was the first year since his landing 
at Plymouth, in which the days of the month and days of the 
week coincided with those of 1620 ; and on Saturday, 9th, 
by his English reckoning, he must have remembered the an- 
chorage under Clark's Island ; — the sacred rest of Sunday, 
the 10th ; — and the glad bounding upon land of Monday, 
the 11th. Did he not require his brethren in the faith to 
rejoice with him on the anniversary of religious freedom, 
established at Plymouth, for the first time beneath the sun, 
six years before ? Did he ask them to mark the day in their 
Almanacs for observation in years to come ? Did they not 
forthwith agree, that this day, the 21st, in theirs, but 11th in 
Allerton's count, must forever be honored ? Their Calendar 
being already reformed, the third INIonday of December, 
1620, or 1626, being the 21st day of the month, that number 
in the line of this month would ijidicate the exact day in suc- 
1^ 



ceeding years of the same or any following century, 1720, 
1820, or 1920 ; while the unreformed style, counting, as the 
Huguenots did not, 1700 for a leap year, and so twentynine 
days in February, the just equivalent of 11th December, 
1699, by which it should be shown, that a year was gone, 
must of course be the 10th instead of ,11th. The very year's 
day is the one we would reverence. It is not the gathering 
crowds of 22d of December, 1769, the earliest public observ- 
ance, that we would exemplify ; but only show our admira- 
tion for the landing upon Plymouth rock of the blessed few, 
at the "Winter solstice of 1620, on the day which in the reform- 
ed Almanac at that time, and since September, 1752, in those 
of England and of us, who claim all the rights and more 
than the benefits of Englishmen, has been, and for many 
thousand years to come will be, truly noted as the twenty- 
first day of December. 

The necessity of adding ten, eleven, or twelve, or more 
days to the number of the day of the month, in old style, de- 
pends not on the time when we inquire about the event 
to which this addition shall be applied, but to the century 
when that event occurred. In the sixth century the ruiming 
of erroneous computation had made only one day's devia- 
tion ; but this uniform mistake in reckoning of a few minutes 
and seconds in the length of a year had swelled, in the seven- 
teenth century, when Plymouth was settled by om* fathers, to 
ten days. Had this been a century later, the 11th of Decem- 
ber, 1720, it would require eleven days for making our old 
style, then the legal one, concur with the reformed style, be- 
cause 1700 was counted a leap year by us, but not by the 
most of the Christians who had before got upon the right 
track. In this nineteenth century twelve days must be add- 



ed, yet, of course, only to occurrences of this century. By 
the Calendar of the Greek church, the day of the battle of 
Waterloo is marked on 6th of June, which in 1815 Avas a 
Sunday ; and that Sunday of slaughter is, in all the West of 
Europe, noted as the 18th of that month. 

In the first half of the last century, before the change of 
supputation was made by law, memorable events, as the birth 
of Franklin, of Washington, of King George III., of the 
capture of Louisburg, may have been observed by parties 
more or less numerous ; but this observation, we may, on a 
moment's reflection, be sure, was in each case held, or should 
have been, on a day nominally eleven days later, after the 2d 
of September, 1752, — because between the second and four- 
teenth of that month there was no day in the Almanac. The 
MONTH HAD BUT NINETEEN DAYS. A date of 3d, or 4th, or 
5th of September, 1751, at the end of one year from it, was to 
be found only as fourteenth, fifteenth, or sixteenth, severally. 
Statute provision was simple enough, relative to rents, interest 
and such things ; but common sense was left to regTilate less 
important matters. The last day of old style, under our law, 
being Wednesday, 2d of September, the next day would be 
Thursday, whether the law was obeyed, requiring it to be 
called 14th — or perverse fanaticism called it the 3d. We 
know, that a person born on the 14th of September, 1752, 
will be ninetyeight years old on 14th of September next. 
Why then shall one born one day earlier be called ninety 
eight, (because his birth-day was Wednesday 2d Septem- 
ber 1752,) eleven days before the just fulfilment of his last 
year ? Between one year and its successor, settlement of this 
difference is easy enough to the humblest capacity. The 
matter is determined by the exact, natural day, week, or 



8 



year. Our common year consists of fiftytwo weeks and one 
day ; a leap year, of fiftytwo weeks and two days. A child 
born on Monday, 31st August, 1752, could not be a year 
old on 31st August, 1753, because he had lived only fifty 
weeks and four days ; for another, born the next Monday, 
18th September was his birthday, inasmuch as there was no 
7th in that month, eleven days being suppressed, or cancelled. 
On 13th September, 1753, the child must be reckoned only 
one year old, if born on 2d September of the former year ; 
but one born 2d September, 1652, would fill his one hundred 
and one years on 12th September, 1753, because (since the 
century when he was born was only ten, not eleven, days be- 
hind true reckoning) he was really one hundred years old on 
1st September, 1752. He did not wait for the eighteenth 
century to demand eleven days, for ten was enough, of addi- 
dition to his date ; but paid the difference of fare, one day, 
so to speak, in passing through the gate of 1700, which was 
reckoned a leap year in old style, but not in the new, and 
better, comjmtation of these venerable divisions of time. 

But, though the quantity of correction must vary with the 
length of time in which the error has been grooving, ^vhen the 
correction is once applied, it is done forever. Had our style 
been changed in the eighth century, three days would have 
been sufficient to add ; while eleven were found neces- 
sary by our law-makers in the last; and in the present, our 
Russian correspondents are twelve days behind us. We 
make no more addition since September, 1752 ; nor did the 
continental arithmeticians to their less contribution, having 
earlier adjusted their reckoning. Yet it is sometimes heed- 
lessly spoken of as proper to add twelve days, which is indeed 
renewing the mistake, and consecrating the ignorance by 
which the chronology was corrupted before. 



9 



In the celebration eighty years ago, this error of one day is 
easily accounted for. We may well presume, that one or 
more of our genial Old Colony club, who honored forefa- 
thers' day with pubhc celebration, for the first time, in 1769, 
had served in the memorable expedition of 1745, against 
Cape Breton, and had for several previous years glorified, in 
succession, the 16th of June, as the day of surrender of 
Louisburg; To that numeral in the Almanac they adhered, 
of course, for seven years ; but they had for the next seven- 
teen years been compelled to denote the exact day of any in- 
teresting occurrence in that century by addition of eleven 
days to its prior standing, and of course reached the 27th of 
June as their true anniversary. Such enumeration was inad- 
vertently 'applied, instead of the scrupulously exact one, to 
the blessed day of the landing, though that event was one 
hundred and fortynine years before the celebration, and so 
much nearer to the starting place of the perversity. 

Of these glorious mile-stones of memory the consecrations 
have, in our day, been numerous ; yet the false assumption of 
a day for that ceremony has been too frequent. In honor of 
the landing of Endicot, at Salem, on 6th September, 1628, 
the Essex Historical Society took in 1825 the same nominal 
6th as the equivalent, — an error to be explained, if not justi- 
fied, by fondness felt for the mere number, yet which would 
have been avoided, if any had inquired what day was observ- 
ed in 1752, when the Statute of 24 George II., 1751, said, 
there should be no 6th. For the solemn pomp of the obser- 
vation of the two hundredth anniversary of the same happy 
occurrence, three years later, a wrong day was again assum- 
ed. Instead of 16th, as it ought to have been, unhappily 
they took the 18th, which appears, in one sense, a worse error 



10 



than the former, inasmuch as it must be more blamable to 
outrun the truth than to fall behind it. Confident we may be, 
at least, that when September, 1928 comes, the citizens of 
Salem will not feel bound to celebrate the 19th day of the 
month. Of this mistake the cause may, then, be recollected. 
Being asked, a few days before the festival, what is the differ- 
ence between old and new style, the greatest mathematician 
of our country gave answer, according to the truth, in the 
open street, without more conference, in his prompt manner, 
iioelve days; — yet Dr. Bowditch afterwards said, when it 
was too late, the question should have been, — Avhat icas the 
difference two hundred years ago ? 

At the celebration in Charlestown, of the landing of Gov. 
Winthrop, in 1630, 17th June, part of the Salem error was 
followed, and the 28th of June, 1830, stood for its represen- 
tative. By this repetition of mistake, within so brief space, 
attention to the subject was attracted ; and when the two 
hundred years from the naming of Boston were elapsed, the 
late Judge Davis, and others, took much interest in showing 
that the 7th of September, 1630, found its true equivalent hi 
the day, 17th September, 1830 selected for its solemn com- 
memoration. If Ave feel, that we have gone long enough iu 
the wrong path, we may see by this illustration, that it is not 
too late to get upon the right. Another occasion for scrutiny 
into exact concurrence of days, after so many revolutions in 
the sky, is recollected but a short time since. When the 
Massachusetts Historical Society resolved to honor the second 
centennial of the confederation of the four New England 
Colonies, and appointed the late John Quincy Adams to de- 
liver an Address upon the importance of that act of 19th of 
May, 1643, his first thought, perhaps from association with 



11 

long residence in Russia, was of the necessity for twelve days 
required by transference of that date into our computation. 
But by looking forward on the line of procession of the 
Greek church, in which the error increases by regular lapse 
of time, he soon perceived that the same cause of departure 
from the truth having been at work since the vernal equinox 
of A. D. 325, shortly before the Council of Nice met, and 
having worked equally, would show different lengths of devi- 
ation in different times ; and felt that the path behind could 
be made straight by the same rule which alone must bring to 
our standard the vexatious chronology of the Eastern patri- 
arch. In that foreign land every letter-writer, as he uses the 
Old style, prays for its correction, not so much because our 
13th of April is their All-fool's day at St. Petersburg, as be- 
cause the perpetuity of their reckoning in every four hundred 
years three days short will, in the year of grace 12000, carry 
the seasons one quarter round, and so the spring will be Avell 
advanced on 21st of December. Let the perversity be con- 
tinued,^ another equal term, and the Almanac of the Czar 
shall dignify as the Winter solstice, the same day that his 
neighbors of Sweden and Denmark celebrate as having the 
longest sunlight of the year. 

In the present question, it may seem, that no important 
consequences will come of our following the right counting, 
when we have so long been accustomed to a different one ; 
yet surely we ought not to be censured for feeling too proud 
to go wrong, when we know the path is wrong. As the ex- 
act equivalent of that 11th of December, 1620, in our English 
Almanac was the 21st of December in that of France, and 
we have since admitted our error, and the correctness of the 
other reckoning, by solemn act of legislation, wliy should we 



13 



celebrate a day later for that of our fathers' landing ? The 
truth should be good enough for us ; and that is the only rea- 
son for preference of one to another. When by habit the 
right day has become the day of reverence, it will be won- 
dered, why the wrong Avas so often observed. Next year, 
indeed, the true anniversary falling on Sunday, it may be 
more conformable to New England principles, to celebrate 
the following, or 22d day of the month ; but we presume no- 
body would desire a further carrying forAvard of the festival 
to the 23d though our elder brothers of the Old Colony club, 
before the Revolution, once did to the 24th. 

Your Committee conclude their Report, which may, in- 
deed, seem tiresome from its repetition of the matter with so 
slight variations as this popular form made unavoidable, by 
reccommendation to the Society of the folloAving Order :— 

That the celebration in future of the Landing of the Pil- 
grims at Plymouth be held on the twentyfirst day of Decem- 
ber ; but when that day falls on Sunday, then to be held on 
the twentysecond. 

Respectfully submitted. 

JAS. SAVAGE, 
C. H. WARREN, 
NATHL. B. SHURTLEFF, 
ABRAHAM JACKSON, 
TIMOTHY GORDON. 



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